Tumor Marker Test

Tumor markers are substances—often proteins—produced by cancer cells or by the body in response to cancer. These tests help in the early detection, monitoring, and management of certain cancers.

However, it is important to remember:

Tumor marker tests are not definitive diagnostic tools. They can show false positives (elevated without cancer) or false negatives (normal despite cancer). These tests should be used for screening in high-risk individuals or to monitor treatment—not as standalone diagnostic tools.

✅ Individuals with a family history of specific cancers

✅ People with symptoms suspicious for certain cancers

✅ Those undergoing follow-up after cancer treatment

✅ High-risk individuals (e.g., long-term smokers, those with chronic inflammation or hepatitis)

CEA

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

Associated with: Colorectal cancer, and also elevated in gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung cancer

May also rise in: Smoking, liver disease, inflammation

CA19-9

Associated with: Pancreatic cancer, bile duct cancer, and gastrointestinal cancers
May also rise in: Gallstones, pancreatitis, liver disease

CA 15-3

Associated with: Breast cancer
May also rise in: Benign breast disease, liver conditions
For Female

CA 125

Associated with: Ovarian cancer
May also rise in: Menstruation, pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis
For Female

AFP

Alpha-Fetoprotein

Associated with:
- Primary liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma)
- Germ cell tumors (especially in the ovaries or testes)
May also rise in:
- Chronic hepatitis B or C, liver cirrhosis, and pregnancy

PSA

Prostate-Specific Antigen

Associated with: Prostate cancer
For Male
May also rise in:
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
- Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate)
- Recent ejaculation, urinary tract infection, or prostate manipulation (e.g., digital rectal exam)
Used for:
- Screening men aged 50+ for prostate cancer

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